Experimental Therapies — Legal & Safety Notice
Several therapies listed (psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine) are controlled substances in most countries. This information is educational only.
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Music Therapy
Expressive Arts
Clinical trials specifically in cancer patientsMusic therapy is one of the best-evidenced complementary interventions in oncology. A Cochrane review of 52 trials found music therapy significantly reduces anxiety, pain, fatigue, and quality of life in cancer patients. It is used during chemotherapy infusions, radiotherapy, procedures, and in palliative care. Crucially, receptive music therapy (listening) is effective even for patients too ill or fatigued for active participation. Live music at the bedside (vibroacoustic therapy) has shown particular effectiveness for pain and anxiety in palliative care.
Conditions Addressed
How It Works
Music activates multiple brain regions simultaneously limbic system (emotion), motor cortex (rhythm entrainment), prefrontal cortex (attention), and reward pathways (dopamine release). Reduces cortisol and inflammatory markers. Gate control theory: musical stimulation competes with pain signals in the spinal cord. Rhythm synchronisation of breathing and heart rate activates the parasympathetic nervous system, reducing physiological stress response.
What a Session Looks Like
Active music therapy: patient participates in singing, drumming, songwriting with a music therapist (3060 min). Receptive music therapy: patient listens to live or recorded music chosen with therapeutic intent. Vibroacoustic therapy: patient lies on a sound table with speakers transmitting vibration. Available in many cancer centres, hospices, and charities. Online sessions available for homebound patients.
Cautions & Considerations
- Requires a board-certified music therapist (MT-BC) for clinical benefit not simply playlist creation
- Some patients have strong negative associations with certain music patient-led music selection important
- Active participation forms (singing, drumming) not appropriate when severely fatigued
- Hearing impairment limits some forms vibrotactile approaches can be used instead
- Group settings may not suit highly introverted or severely ill patients